Recently, a collaborative research team from Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education and Laser Spectroscopy and Sensing Laboratory, Anhui University, and HealthyPhoton Technology Co., Ltd. published a research paper titled Measurements of line strengths for NO₂ near 6.2 μm using a quantum cascade laser spectrometer.

近日，來(lái)自安徽大學(xué)光電信息獲取與處理教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室、安徽大學(xué)激光光譜與傳感實(shí)驗(yàn)室、寧波海爾欣光電科技有限公司的聯(lián)合研究團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)表了一篇題為Measurements of line strengths for NO₂ near 6.2 μm using a quantum cascade laser spectrometer的研究論文。

Research Background研究背景

Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is a common pollutant that comes primarily from the emissions of burning fossil fuels, natural lightning, and microbial processes in soil. Atmospheric NO₂ contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone. It can cause photochemical smog and lead to increased acidity of rain. Continuous exposure to high NO₂ concentration may result in a wide variety of short- and long-term adverse health effects on the respiratory system of humans and animals. Therefore, developing a cost-effective and robust sensor system for NO₂ monitoring is crucial.

二氧化氮是一種常見(jiàn)的污染物，主要來(lái)自化石燃料燃燒排放、自然雷電以及土壤中的微生物過(guò)程。大氣中的NO₂有助于地面臭氧的形成，可能導(dǎo)致光化學(xué)煙霧，并導(dǎo)致雨水酸度增加。持續(xù)暴露于高濃度的NO₂可能對(duì)人類(lèi)和動(dòng)物的呼吸系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生各種短期和長(zhǎng)期的不良健康影響。因此，開(kāi)發(fā)一種成本效益高、穩(wěn)健的NO₂監(jiān)測(cè)傳感器系統(tǒng)至關(guān)重要。

Many technical solutions have been developed for NO₂ detection. The chemiluminescence and wet chemical analysis are commonly used for NO₂ detection. However, these methods have a slow response time and suffer from low selectivity in discriminating between NO and NO₂, which limit their application. Optical methods based on absorption spectroscopy provide powerful access for trace gas analysis with extremely high sensitivity, selectivity, and fast response. Laser-based absorption spectroscopy techniques in mid-IR molecular fingerprint region are ideal for trace gas analysis because most atmospheric species have strong fundamental vibrational transitions in this spectral region, which allows highly sensitive and selective detection of trace gases. The commercial available continuous-wave (CW) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) in the mid-IR spectral region have been widely used for developing spectroscopic techniques for quantitative analysis of NO₂.

已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)了許多技術(shù)解決方案用于NO₂檢測(cè)。化學(xué)發(fā)光和濕化學(xué)分析通常用于NO₂檢測(cè)。然而，這些方法響應(yīng)時(shí)間較慢，且在區(qū)分NO和NO₂時(shí)選擇性較低，限制了它們的應(yīng)用。基于吸收光譜學(xué)的光學(xué)方法具有高度的靈敏度、選擇性和快速響應(yīng)，為痕量氣體分析提供了強(qiáng)大的手段。基于中紅外分子指紋區(qū)的激光吸收光譜技術(shù)對(duì)于痕量氣體分析非常理想，因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)大氣成分在該光譜區(qū)域具有強(qiáng)烈的基本振動(dòng)躍遷，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)痕量氣體的高靈敏度和選擇性檢測(cè)。商業(yè)上可用的中紅外光譜區(qū)的連續(xù)波（CW）量子級(jí)聯(lián)激光器（QCLs）已廣泛用于發(fā)展NO₂ 的定量分析的光譜技術(shù)。

Experimental setup實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)置

In this work, a mid-IR CW-QCL-based laser absorption spectrometer is constructed in our laboratory to revise the spectral region from 1629 cm^?1 to 1632 cm^?1. The schematic of the CW-QCL-based spectroscopic setup used to investigate the NO₂ absorption spectroscopy line parameters is shown in Fig. 1.

在這項(xiàng)工作中，我們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)室中構(gòu)建了一臺(tái)基于中紅外CW-QCL的激光吸收光譜儀，以修訂波數(shù)從1629 cm^?1 到 1632 cm^?1的光譜區(qū)域。圖1顯示了用于研究NO₂ 吸收光譜線(xiàn)參數(shù)的基于中紅外CW-QCL的光譜設(shè)置的示意圖。

Fig. 1. Experimental setup of the CW-QCL based laser spectrometer.

寧波海爾欣光電科技有限公司為此項(xiàng)目提供了激光發(fā)射器（QC-qube^TM）與驅(qū)動(dòng)器（QC750-Touch^TM）。一個(gè)CW室溫QCL芯片被封裝在一個(gè)熱電（TE）制冷的光束整形包裝中，由一個(gè)集成的溫度和低噪聲電流控制器驅(qū)動(dòng)。

QC-qube^TM

QC750-Touch^TM

A CW RT QCL chip is packaged in a thermoelectrically (TE) cooled beam collimation package (Q-qubeTM, HealthyPhoton Co., Ltd.), which is driven by an integrated temperature and low noise current controller (QC750-TouchTM, HealthyPhoton Co., Ltd.). The laser source is operating in the wavelength region from 1629 cm^?1 to 1632 cm^?1 without mode hops and has an average output power of 30 mW. The laser frequency is scanned across absorption lines using a triangular wave at a typical frequency of 100 Hz. The linewidth of the laser is approximately<10 MHz, and thus the broadening induced by the laser line profile can be neglected. The laser beam is initially collimated and sent through a sample cell with an optical path length of 29.6 cm. A wedged CaF2 window placed at the Brewster angle is used to avoid residual etalon fringes. The QCL output beam is combined with a visible red light (632.8 nm) by a ZnSe beam splitter to facilitate the optical alignments of the QCL output beam. The main beam that transmits through the sample cell is focused by a convex lenses into a TE-cooled, high-speed IR photovoltaic detector (PVI-4TE-6, Vigo, Poland) that can operate at RT. Therefore, the detector does not require liquid nitrogen cooling, simplifies the routine use of the system, and allows for longterm automated operation. Data are subsequently acquired using a data acquisition board card (National Instruments, USB 6259). The other part of the beam is coupled into an etalon, which is constructed with two ZnSe mirrors and has a free spectral range of 0.0163 cm?1.

激光源在1629 cm^?1到1632 cm^?1的波長(zhǎng)范圍內(nèi)工作，沒(méi)有模式跳變，并且平均輸出功率為30 mW。激光頻率通過(guò)三角波在典型頻率100 Hz下進(jìn)行掃描。激光的線(xiàn)寬約為<10 MHz，因此可以忽略激光線(xiàn)型引起的展寬。激光束最初被準(zhǔn)直，并通過(guò)一個(gè)光程為29.6 cm的樣品池。在Brewster角度放置的楔形CaF2窗口用于避免殘留的Etalon條紋。QCL輸出光束與可見(jiàn)紅光（632.8 nm）通過(guò)ZnSe分束鏡相結(jié)合，以便于對(duì)準(zhǔn)QCL輸出光束的光學(xué)調(diào)整。透過(guò)樣品池的主光束通過(guò)凸透鏡聚焦到一個(gè)TE制冷的高速紅外光伏探測(cè)器，該探測(cè)器可以在室溫下操作。因此，探測(cè)器不需要液氮制冷，簡(jiǎn)化了系統(tǒng)的常規(guī)使用，并允許長(zhǎng)期自動(dòng)化操作。數(shù)據(jù)隨后使用數(shù)據(jù)采集板卡進(jìn)行獲取。光束的另一部分被耦合到一個(gè)Etalon中，該Etalon由兩個(gè)ZnSe鏡構(gòu)成，自由光譜范圍為0.0163 cm^?1。

Fig. 2. DFB-QCL tuning features at different operating temperatures and operating currents.

Conclusion結(jié)論

In this study, a compact spectroscopic sensor based on a TE cooled RT CW-QCL was developed for trace NO₂ detection. The spectra of NO₂ and N2 mixtures with high resolution were detailedly investigated at RT (~296 K) and in the pressure range of 0–90 mbar. Absorption spectra were fitted with a standard Voigt profile. Accurate measurements of line intensities and N2 pressureinduced broadening coefficients for 43 lines of NO2 around 6.2 μm were performed. This spectral region is highly suitable for high sensitive detection of NO₂ concentration. Our results agree well with those given in the latest HITRAN16 database in terms of line strength. The experimentally spectroscopic parameters will be useful for upgrading our newly developed NO₂ gas sensor system for atmospheric trace gas monitoring and industrial process control. In addition, we hope that the results will be valuable to the spectroscopic databases of NO₂ molecule.

本研究中，我們開(kāi)發(fā)了一款基于熱電制冷的室溫連續(xù)波量子級(jí)聯(lián)激光器（RT CW-QCL）的緊湊型光譜傳感器，用于痕量NO₂的檢測(cè)。在室溫（~296 K）和0-90毫巴的壓力范圍內(nèi)，詳細(xì)研究了NO₂和N₂混合物的高分辨率光譜。吸收光譜采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Voigt輪廓進(jìn)行擬合。對(duì)于約6.2微米附近的43條NO₂譜線(xiàn)，進(jìn)行了線(xiàn)強(qiáng)度和N₂壓力誘導(dǎo)展寬系數(shù)的準(zhǔn)確測(cè)量。這個(gè)光譜區(qū)域非常適合于對(duì)NO₂濃度進(jìn)行高靈敏度檢測(cè)。我們的結(jié)果在譜線(xiàn)強(qiáng)度方面與最新的HITRAN16數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)相當(dāng)一致。實(shí)驗(yàn)性的光譜參數(shù)將有助于升級(jí)我們新開(kāi)發(fā)的用于大氣痕量氣體監(jiān)測(cè)和工業(yè)過(guò)程控制的NO₂氣體傳感器系統(tǒng)。此外，我們希望這些結(jié)果對(duì)于NO₂分子的光譜數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)具有重要價(jià)值。

reference參考來(lái)源：

Measurements of line strengths for NO₂ near 6.2 μm using a quantum cascade laser spectrometer, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 250 (2020) 107047